Why pursuing your passions can increase your anxiety

Why pursuing yur passions can increase your anxietyWhy pursuing your passions can increase your anxietyWe all know truly passionate people in our lives. Theyre the ones who fully embrace their calling, vocation, or dream and pursue it daily with a mixture of enthusiasm and discipline. Theres the all-star athlete who balances a rigorous training, practice, and game schedule. Or the food blogger who carves out time late after the kids have gone to bed to dive into recipe preparation, writing, and photo editing. And theres the activist whos passionate about helping others and logs long hours at a homeless shelter after a full day at the office.When were passionate about an activity, cause, or talent, well do whatever it takes to devote ourselves fully to it, which is exactly why the admirable work of pursuing our passions can slowly ramp up symptoms of anxiety.Time limitationsWe only have 24 hours in each day to pack in a host of demands related to work, relationships, and home life. Th epace of lifeis increasing, but the reality is, theres only so much time to fit it all in. When going after your passions, you have to weave in extra commitments amid other priorities, but that means something else must drop off. If it doesnt, life quickly becomes out of balance, increasing feelings of stress and ultimately,anxiety.In Randi Zuckerbergs book,Pick Three, she advocates for choosing three focus areas for a single day from this list of five work, sleep, family, friends, and fitness. There are many othertime management theories, so do your research and choose one that lets you pursue your passions without chipping away at your mental health.Internal pressureWhen taking risks and striving toward our goals, its tempting to feel the weight of others opinions and expectations. But sometimes, our harshest critic - and biggest enemy - is ourselves. Were not bornfeeling inadequate, but many worry that theyre just not good enough. When we place high expectations on ourselves, w e can start aspin cycle of anxietythat starts with feeling inadequate, that things are out of control, and that you cant handle them. You may also experience stomach aches, chest tightness, shortness of breath, nausea, or panic.War against high expectations when chasing after your passions by setting realistic,SMART goalswith attainable benchmarks that allow you to step back and celebrate your accomplishments. Remember, its a marathon, not a sprint.Strong self-identityStrongly identifying with your passion and internalizing this as who you are - like a writer, marathon runner, or Fortune 500 executive - creates even more pressure as you work to live up to that standard. Virginia-based Talkspace therapist Cynthia Catchings, LCSW-S, notes that while most people envision rising to the top of the field theyre passionate about, only a select few can successfully manage the anxiety that comes along with it.The more challenges andnegative thoughtswe experience, the more difficult it can be to get to the top without feeling anxious, Catchings said. Fear of failure, not wanting to leave our comfort zone, or being a perfectionist can create this anxiety.Seeing yourself holistically, beyond your token passion, can help create other opportunities for fulfillment. Beyond a marathon runner, you may also be a wellness coach, son or daughter, or another role that you excel at.A recipe for burnoutOn the path to our passions, where we continuously push ourselves physically and emotionally, theres an increased risk of burnout and stress. The brain, just like a muscle, canlose its strengthfrom extreme exhaustion and overwork, which paves the way for a host of mental health challenges, including anxiety. Health professionals are beginning to recognize the impact of chronic stress, with some evencomparing burnout to diseaseslike diabetes.Catchings recommends creating a detailed plan of action to effectively handle the emotions that arise with our passions and the associated feeli ngs of stress and anxiety.Keep a journal to avoid bottling our emotions and also to see a clear picture of our accomplishments and the things we need to work on, deep breathing exercises or meditation to lower the anxiety, mindfulness to recognize our emotions and be able to process them as needed, and looking for professional help either by seeing a therapist in person or online, she said.Pursuing your passions doesnt have to come with a barrage of anxiety or stress. Create checks and balances to effectively manage your schedule and more importantly, your mental health, to keep you on track for living out your dreams.This article was originally published on TalkSpace.

Tips for Asking for More Money at Your Current Job

Tips for Asking for More Money at Your Current JobTips for Asking for More Money at Your Current JobDo you feel like youre not paid enough money for the work you do? If you do, youre not alone. Salaries have leveled off during recent years as job responsibilities have expanded.With costs skyrocketing and jobs being outsourced, many employers have tried to maintain or increase productivity without adding staff. Many workers feel that their compensation has not kept pace with the contributions they are making to their company. If youre one of those people who feels underpaid, what is the best way to ask for more money? How to Ask For More Money How should youask for a pay increase? The basis for any request for additional compensation should be a clear track record of solid performance. If your employer conducts regular performance evaluations, then you may already have documentation in place. If not, ask your supervisor if she can schedule a review so that you can get some specifi c feedback on your performance, and formally establish some objectives for the next year. Keep the focus on your job performance, rather than on your personal circumstances when youre discussing salary. Track Your Performance Make sure that you keep a record of your daily and weekly accomplishments, and any data supporting these achievements. Even though youre doing a terrific job, your boss may still need reminding. Keep your supervisor in the loop about your progress with an ongoing stream of communication about your activities. Document Your Value Research compensation and salary trends for your field through surveys by professional organizations, data on average salary increases, online salary tools, and informal dialogue with professional colleagues. Once you can document the value that you have added to your employer and established what youre worth in the marketplace, its time to ask your supervisor to schedule a meeting to discuss your salary. This might occur natura lly at the end of an already scheduled meeting for your performance review. If youre asking your manager for a meeting specifically to talk about salary, mention it when you request the meeting. Summarize Your Accomplishments Prepare a one to two page summary of your accomplishments, to highlight the reasons you have earned a salary increase. Be careful that you dont imply an ultimatum, or convey frustrationor any negative emotion. Be ready to calmly counter any objections which you can anticipate. Pay raise negotiations often involve a back and forth exchange, not just an initial request by an employee. Your rationale for a pay raise should be entirely based on the quality of your work. Avoid the temptation to present personal reasons such as family responsibilities or additional expenses which you have incurred. If You Get Turned Down In the case where your employer turns down your request for a raise, ask what you might do to qualify for a bump in salary. Work with your s upervisor to establish specific objectives to enhance your performance and a timetable for reaching those goals. If your supervisor raises a legitimate performance issue, discuss the steps you need to take to overcome the problem and a timeline for review. It is not uncommon for employers to use a salary freeze as a reason for refusing an increase, even though they may affirm that you might otherwise deserve a raise. Explore alternative scenarios with your supervisor whereby you might increase compensation, such as a promotion or position upgrade. Be prepared to show how your role has evolved over time, or to mention ways that you could add value in a new role. In this era, the most common way for many salaried workers to secure a raise, unfortunately, is to change employers. If you receive an offer from another company, your current employer may match or exceed that offer to keep you on staff. Of course, there is no guarantee that this will happen, and you should be prepared to cha nge jobs if you pursue this strategy as a way to earn more money. Some employers will react adversely if they even think you are seeking alternative employment, so be very discreet if you decide to pursue other opportunities while you are currently employed.

New study finds parents are paying more than ever for childcare

New study finds parents are paying more than ever for childcareNew study finds parents are paying more than ever for childcareAccording to a new study byCare.com,the cost of childcarehas risen even higher for the fifth year in a row.With the rising costcomes a rising percentage of income that needs to be used on it. This has left about 20% of US families using at least 25% of their income on childcare, along with 33 percent spending at least 20% and 71% spending at least 10%. This would mean that at least 71% of families are paying more than the 7% of household income that the Department of Health and Human Services defines asaffordable childcare.In places where child care is expensive like Washington DC ($2,982 a month) families are more likely to spend 26 percent of their annual income on child care. Families in cheaper states like Mississippi ($665 a month) mucksmuschenstill spend 12% of their income on childcare. Even more striking is the fact that when income disparity is factor ed into the equation its evident that poor families are most devastated by the rising costs.For example, the bottom fifth of DC households had just two percent of total DC income in 2016, while the top fifth had a staggering 56%.In an interview withMoneyish, Dominique Baillet, the senior editorial director forCare.com, said that many parents are still actually surprised the high cost of child care when compared to other things linked to having kids. As it turns out daycare, the place with all the learning socialization tools and a whole team of people costs an average of $211 per week compared to having a single nanny which costs $580 a week on average.The cost of raising a child is already something in the ballpark of $230,000, and whats worse is that 60% of the 1,000 respondents to theCare.comsurvey have noted that their childcare costs have increased in the last year. This has forced them to start making sacrifices in other areas of their home life. Its no small fraction of the p opulation that has to deal with the rising cost of childcare either. Almost33%of children under five-years-old are cared for by non-relatives.Ultimately childcare is just too important to not be accessible to anyone. A study by economist and Nobel laureateJames J. Heckmanfound that access to free early child care results in better outcomes for both disadvantaged mothers and their children. Beyond that, its also been found to increase a mothers salary on average. But no one will reap those benefits if the costs continue to rise.

Hit by a Truck, Struck by Luck

Hit by a Truck, Struck by LuckHit by a Truck, Struck by LuckElaine Jefferson, a midcareer technologist from N.J., could have watched herbei career and life ended by two severe highway accidents, but her positive attitude held out and her luck changed lanes.A funny thing happened on the way to my life, says TechnologyLadder member Elaine Jefferson. I was crossing the street three days before Christmas (2009) and got hit by a truck.The 45-year technology veteran had been on her way to her contract job with the state of New Jersey, where shed been working for 10 months her injuries sidelined her physically and financially. Specifically, the Bound Brook, N.J., resident found herself without medical benefits because of her status as an independent contractor. I never realized the risk at all, Elaine said. Its a funny thing - these contract jobs can be real detrimental if you dont know what youre doing.Elaines woes didnt end there. In February, she was driving in heavy rain on U.S. Route 287 near Morristown, N.J. - en route to an MRI exam related to her accident - when a young woman skidded into the zentralwert ahead of Elaines SUV. The impact shoved the engine into the firewall and right into my knees Oh, what a lifeThe next few months were an ordeal, Elaine said. With no money coming in, I was spending all my retirement funds to get better and get a job.Shed already started looking for work before her first accident, but there was no activity in the marketplace at all. I had some interviews, but they werent well suited to me. Things started to turn around in late spring, the IT vet said. I just love Ladders My phone wouldnt stop ringing when the markets started breaking in May.Recruiters were taking notice of her expertise in technical documentation, which she says she began to hone as one of a small group of female tech pros of her generation. I started as a programmer and systems analyst, then specialized as a technical writer. Women in IT get a different kin d of deal in the workplace, we get asked to do a lot of documentation. Ive been in this game since the 60s. Lo and behold, you learn to do it really, really wellShe found a match made in heaven when she got a call from COMSYS, an IT staffing firm, about an opportunity as a knowledge-base developer with Citigroup Inc. in Warren, N.J., just 15 minutes from her home.Elaine started the job soon after. She said her interviewers were impressed with the depth of her experience, including her knowledge of financial software. Ive worked in a lot of financial applications, she says. Most IT projects have a financial component every function has a tie-back into a spreadsheet someplace along the line.

Should Resume Be in past Tense: the Ultimate Convenience!

Should Resume Be in past Tense the Ultimate Convenience You may see that past tense is a little bit more complicated than present tense. Theres a different in tense also. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrive, and it is going to be in progress at a specific time later on. Nothing could have been wrong in any respect. As you speak, its happening. Or its something you never do. Its also utilised to express something that welches true previously. It can likewise be used to demonstrate that something happened before a particular time previously. It may also demonstrate that something happened before a particular time previously. Enjoy the remainder of the lesson The War Against Should Resume Be in past Tense Knowing the tenses in your language is the secret to easily grasping grammar rules in different languages. After you add the new one, each one of the tenses need to get changed to past. Otherwise, you already understand what the sentences say There is go ing to be practice at the conclusion of all of the tenses. Up to now, youve been working using a typical present tense form of verbs. There are two sorts of past basic verbs. Verbs in the current past and future tense have an extremely important part in Swahili. They have a very important role in Arabic. Unfortunately, memorizing these irregular verbs is the only means to totally master the previous tense. Not all verbs may make a progressive tense. Irregular verbs have quite a few spellings. The irregular verbs have to be memorized. Resumes in the lousy pile are those resumes that wont ever be read completely and probably wont be looked at again. On the flip side, present tense is the thing to do for responsibilities which are still part of your present job. Selecting the correct tense is important once youre beginning to compose a resume and apply to jobs. A favorite assumption that experiencing job satisfaction and a thriving career ought to be underpinned by a well-roun ded suite of tangible advantages, no longer is true for a number of us. Put simply, dont consist of whatever youve done in your present position, particularly if you work for a startup and are accustomed to a large number of responsibilities. Youre bedrngnis in the work anymore, its in your past. Perhaps you won a nationally recognized award in your organization or industry. Mixing tenses in your present job isnt problematic, because you are currently not doing everything at precisely the same moment. Theres a form you havent learned yet that is extremely common dealing with the present tense. The post will give you interactive Tense Questions that are asked commonly in many examinations and previous papers. Meanwhile, read this informative article for the idea. Tense-consistency is also imperative to resume writing. Aspirants say they are extremely much tensed while attempting this concept in any on-line exams also. Otherwise, here is a small background. It doesnt make a difference to us, whether youre too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Rather than sending a headshot alongside your resume, you should send a hyperlink to your professional on-line profiles, states Augustine. Since recruiters only spend six seconds reviewing a resume, its not a great idea to get them spend an excessive amount of time scanning irrelevant info, states Augustine. Lets look at a list of over 1 bullet. In each situation, the verb-idea is complete without an immediate object. The Foolproof Should Resume Be in past Tense Strategy Put simply, youre taking a look at the result at this time with no words referring to time. Because of this, simple past may not be used. There are plenty of scenarios where the previous perfect tense can be used. Use the past perfect continuous to express the length of some other activity up to a different point in time previously. Put simply, maybe th e group of scientists in the very first example are still doing research, or perhaps they arent. The preterite is used to chat about completed actions previously. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Roots havent been conjugated and dont include prefixes or suffixes. Meanings The Past Simple is just one of the tenses that we use to speak about events, states or actions that were completed sooner or later before. Forming this future tense is a much simpler process than nearly all of the others.

Writing a Resume Without a Degree Explained

Writing a Resume Without a Degree Explained Whispered Writing a Resume Without a Degree Secrets So you merely graduated high school or college and you are primed to join the workforce to develop into a productive member of society. Students, its very little content a high school diploma, gives a fantastic first name. Finally, in regards to your education section, in the event the coursework youve completed pertains to the job that you seek, list it individually. As a high school student, the Education section is a significant portion of your resume however much work experience you might or might not have. The Writing a Resume Without a Degree Stories Jose will have the ability to jump in the position with little if any training because he has hands-on understanding of best accounting practices. Adhere to the tips above, and youll have a resume that compensates for the deficiency of expertise and gets you the interview. Maybe you have practical work experience and techniqu es that relate to the job. How to get ready for an Interview. Reviewing job postings on Indeed is a great means to begin. You are going to have far better likelihood of convincing an employer that youre a strong candidate if you create a personal connection with a hiring manager. Its a fact that some employers wont be interested in you as you lack the work openings educational requirement, but you will discover different employers that welcome your experience, skills and expertise. Most employers are extraordinarily choosy on the topic of the range of staff for a work opening. Choosing Good Writing a Resume without a Degree In some instances, the hiring company simply wont consider applications which do not possess the necessary educational entry requirements. Theres no need to fear the shortage of skilled experience on your resume. Beyond that, the duration of resume Education section and what it includes will fruchtweinly rely on the sum of work experience you have. Beyo nd that, the amount of your Education section and what it includes will order order on the sum of work experience which you have. Life After Writing a Resume Without a Degree The trick to obtaining the job which you desire is taking advantage of what you need to offer you. Keep in mind that your resume is your very first field of protection concerning landing your excellent job. Make it a level to never add wild shades or colours to your resumes to catch attention because of your resume is only going to land within the paper shredder and cannot get you that coveted interview youre looking for. As a job seeker youre intimately involved in your search, so much so that its tricky to have a step back and compose a resume thats marketable. For more ideas about what to include, take a look at these education section tips. The info on this website is provided as a courtesy. There are a number of places the place its possible to acquire good resume examples. Resume examples at no c ost will aid you in a step-by-step course of on the most suitable method to compose your resume. This is because of the simple fact that the objective of the career objective is misunderstood. Its key this procedure is well executed and you dont seem to be stalking anyone Since resume fraud is on the increase, employers are taking considerably more care in verifying information, and its becoming more and more tricky to mislead them. Designed an anti-bullying campaign to elevate awareness of the damaging impact of bullying on our peers.

Why you should work on changing yourself and not everyone else

Why you should work on changing yourself and not everyone elseWhy you should work on changing yourself and not everyone elseMost people read self-improvement to improve the other people in their lives. We all need to be reading or searching self-improvement to change ourselves, look at ourselves and better love ourselves so that we can be better for those in our lives. If we want to influence change in our spouse we must first begin to change our own negative patterns which may contribute to the relationship problems.Seven Self-Loving Skills to Practice1) Resist complainingComplaining is really a childs behavior and unattractive when it is coming from an adult. If there are things you are not happy about in the relationship, have a serious discussion about them and make it clear that you are willing to love yourself enough to leave the relationship if these issues cannot be worked upon.2) Listen Try not to interrupt or correct when your partner speaks. Each person has the right to th eir own perception. We cannot truly know another persons perception if we are too busy defending our own and needing to have the last word. The definition of defensive is being closed to new information. Connection and understanding can only come from listening. When we truly listen we will better know where we can be more flexible and where we need to hold our limits.3)State your wants Instead of expressing dissatisfaction and abfluging the conversation out of a negative place, start by expressing how you want things to be. When we are clear about what we want this keeps things moving forward into a new solution and a new direction. There is nothing more off putting than constantly hearing how unhappy someone is. It is much better to hear what someone wants.4) Give space when necessary If your partner has become quiet, take notice of it and respect their space. It is nonproductive to try and pull it out of them. Further, you give them the space to take responsibility for what they are feeling. If you pull away a little in response to your partner pulling away it can be an effective tactic to get them to talk.5) Respect the integrity of your relationshipMaintain the privacy and confidentiality of what your partner shares with you and refrain from sharing all your issues with friends and family. When nothing is private it allows other peoples opinions to effect and damage our own perception of our relationships and it can serve to make others not like your partner.6) Quality timeGive your partner undivided attention and love. We need to put down the phone or magazine and turn off the TV. Intimacy can only happen when people are taking time to genuinely connect and love each other. Talking, playing, being sexual and spending uninterrupted time is often all the relationship needs to repair and enliven.7) Love each otherMake an effort to consistently show your partner what they have to say is of great importance to you. To be acknowledged, heard, loved, recognized and understood are the basic things we all need from those we love. It is easy to get lazy when we are in love but it is the last thing we should do. It shows a lack of gratitude for this great love we have in our life.Many of us are so focused on our partner being our enemy because they are not perfectly meeting our needs that we create unnecessary chaos to actually feel something. If we are doing this, then we are not anchored enough in loving ourselves. If we truly love ourselves we will be less needy of our partners and have less of a need to pick at them to change. The best gift you give to any relationship is to take full responsibility for loving yourself. In this way, you will have the ability to practice loving someone else in a more mature and independent way.Little life messageAll positive relationships are born out of the love you have for yourself.This article was originally published onwww.sherriecampbellphd.com.

Works Out for Summer

Works Out for SummerWorks Out for SummerWorks Out for Summer58% of workers save vacation time for the summer months (June, July, August).Cities with the most workers planning on taking summer vacations1. Los Angeles 74%2. New York (tie) 71%2. Detroit (tie) 71%3. Miami 69%Cities with fewest workers planning on taking summer vacations1. Phoenix 44%2. Tampa 46%3. Nashville 48%Workers plan on taking an average of 10 vacation days this summer.Number of vacation days employees plan to take*Total Gender Male Gender Female Age 18-34Age 35-54Age 55+0 days 8%6%10% 6% 8% 13% 1-5 days31%28%34%37%30%27% 6-10 days29%28%30%26%31%29% 11-15 days16% 19%14%16%16%17% 16-20 days 6% 8% 5% 7% 6% 4% 21+ days 9%12% 7% 9% 9%10%Some responses do not total 100 percent due to rounding.

Dictionary of Computer Terms and Acronyms

Dictionary of Computer Terms and AcronymsDictionary of Computer Terms and AcronymsComputer Terms- Through Letter B 10kusine5 (10 Mbps, baseband, 500 meters) one of several physical media specified by 802.3 for use in an Ethernet local area network LAN) consists of Thickwire coaxial cable with a maximum segment length of 500 meters10Base2 (10 Mbps, baseband, 185 meters) one of several physical media specified by IEEE 802.3 for use in an Ethernet local area network LAN) consists of Thickwire coaxial cable with a maximum segment length of 185 meters10BaseT (10 Mbps, baseband, unshielded twisted-pair) one of several physical media specified by IEEE 802.3 for use in an Ethernet local area network (LAN) is ordinary telephone twisted pair wire 100BaseT (100 Mbps, baseband, unshielded twisted-pair) one of several physical media specified by IEEE 802.3 for use in an Ethernet local area network (LAN) referred to as Fast Ethernet because of its higher transmission speedAAL (ATM adaptation laye r) adapts PDUs passed down from higher layers onto ATM cellsActive hub allows multiple devices to be wired to a central location to share the same media and regenerate the signal also referred to as multiport repeatersADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) a typical form of xDSL telephone companies offer to residences AGP (accelerated or advanced graphics port) a high-speed, point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computers motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphicsALU (arithmetic logic unit) a digital circuit that calculates an arithmetic operation (e.g., addition, subtraction) and logic operations between two numbers the fundamental building gruppierung of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) or a computerAM (amplitude modulation) a technique used for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave Amplitude height of the wave at any point in the waveANSI (American National Standards Institute) a voluntary organization that coo rdinates the development and use of consensus standards in the United States and represents the needs and views of U.S. stakeholders in standardization forums around the globeAPI (application programming interface) gives programmers a formal tischset of routines to call on to use underlying network tafelgeschirrsApplication layer performs the functions of file transfer, email, etc. (see OSI Model) Architecture how a ordnungsprinzip is entwurfed includes how the components are connected to and operate with each otherARP (address resolution protocol) network layer protocol provided with TCP/IP used to map an IP (internet protocol) address to a MAC (media access card) addressASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) relates a number from 0 to 255 in the binary (base 2) form to keyboard charactersASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) an integrated circuit designed for a parteicular use (e.g., a integrierte schaltung designed solely to run a cellphone) Asynchron ous communication describes when devices, such as computers, rely on their own internal clocks it provides connectivity to printers, modems, fax machines, etc.ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) high bandwidth, cell-switching technology designed to carry many different types of information, including voice, video, image, data, and graphics another form of STDM (statistical time division multiplexing)AUI (attachment unit interface) a 15-pin connection that provides a path between a nodes Ethernet interface and the medium attachment unit (MAU) also known as a transceiver AS (Autonomous system) a collection of IP networks under the control of a single entityB (bearer) channel carries voice, video, image, or data traffic, depending upon the equipment and applications availableBandwidth expressed in a range of frequencies using hertz as the unit of measurement also called analog capacityBase 2 System binary number system, only two discrete values (0 and 1) are possible and all numbers are a combination of these two characters digital signals are numbers sent in the Base 2 system Base10 System the decimal systemBaseband describes signals and systems whose range of frequency is measured from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency sometimes used as a noun for a band of frequencies starting at 0BGP (border gateway protocol) an interautonomous system routing protocol a network or group of networks under a common administration and with common routing policiesBit contraction of the expression binary digit smallest unit of data in a computerBIOS (basic input/output system) the firmware code run by an IBM-compatible PC when first powered on, known as booting up primary function is to prepare the machine so other software programs can load, execute, and assume control of the PC Bluetooth a specification that allows mobile phones, computers, and PDAs to be connected wirelessly over short rangesBps bits per second a common measure of data speed for computer modems and transmission carriersBRI (basic rate interface) an integrated services digital network configuration, usually intended for the home and small enterprise (see also PRI)Bricks and clicks a business that existed pre-internet that now uses ecommerce technology to sell on the internetBridge interprets the LAN hardware passstck address contained in MAC and decide whether to filter or forward the frame does not change the frame in any way Browsers client applications that access WWW serversBuilding backbone connects LANs within a buildingBus an electrical connection between any two components in a computerBus topology system layout where electrical signals generated by a device connected anywhere on the bus are received by all other connected devicesByte the standard size of data in a computer 8-bits Computer Terms- Letters C through D Cachekeeps data the processor is likely to need quickly close at hand increases processor operation speedCAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aid ed manufacturing)software used to design products such as electronic circuit boards in computersCampus backboneconnects building LANs togetherCD-R (compact disc - recordable)a special type of CD-ROM that can be written onto by any computer with a recording drive can only be written onto onceCD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory)optical storage device read by lasers can hold up to 700 megabytes of data CD-RW (compact disc - rewritable)a special type of CD-ROM that can be written onto by any computer with a recording drive can be written onto mora than onceCIR (committed information rate)describes the user information transfer rate the network supports during normal network operationsCLEC (competitive local exchange carrier)In the U.S., a telecommunications provider company (also called a carrier) that competes with other, already established carriers (the local telephone company)Client/server architecturea network where some computers are dedicated clients (workstations) and some are dedicated servers information is centralized on the server, and an administrator sets policies and manages it CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) RAMrequires very little power maintains information even when the computer is offCollisionoccurs when several network users communicate at the same time and interfere (collide) with one anotherCollision domainlogical network segment where data packets can collide with one another for being sent on a shared medium, in particular in the Ethernet networking protocolComputer networkinga combination of hardware and software that lets the various computers in an organization communicate with one another Computer operating system (OS)a special computer program that provides an environment in which other programs can use the computers central processor and the attached input/output devicesConnectivity devicesbring users of the network into contact with one anotherConstant bit rate (CBR)a transmission that uses a set amount of network ca pacity on a continual basis used when the arrival of the information is time-sensitiveConvergencethe merging and sometimes clashing of voice and dataCPE (customer premises equipment)generally refers to telephones, DSL or cable modems, or purchased set-top boxes for use with communication service providers services CPS (cycles per second)a measure of how frequently an alternating current changes direction has been replaced by the term hertz (Hz)CPU (Central Processing Unit)the brain of the computer system where calculations and decisions are made also referred to as the processorCPU Speedhow fast the CPU worksCSU (channel service unit)provides a loopback function for telephone company testing, and checks bipolar signal generationCRC (cyclic redundancy check)method of checking for errors in data that has been transmitted on a communications link a function used to produce a Checksum against a block of data CS (convergence sublayer)particular protocols that are responsible for gatherin g and formatting higher layer information so it can be processed by the lower layersCSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision detect)set of rules for determining how network devices respond when two devices collideD (data) channelused for common channel signaling by both the telephone company switch and the customer equipment provides the call signals that set up B channel connectionsDACS (digital access and cross-connect system)a piece of telecommunications equipment used for routing T1 lines can cross-connect any T1 line in the system with any other T1 line in the system Datainformation manipulated inside the computer in the form of bits and bytesDatagramdata packet that is sent over an IP network associated with the network layer when communication protocol is connectionlessDCE (data communications equipment OR data circuit-terminating equipment)a device that communicates with a data terminal equipment (DTE) device in a particular standardDDP (datagram delivery protocol)a member of the AppleTalk networking protocol suite, mainly responsible for socket-to-socket delivery of datagrams over an AppleTalk network DE (discard eligibility)a signal used to identify less important data traffic that can be dropped during periods of congestion on the systemDLCI (data link connection identifier)a channel number that tells the network how to route the dataDMA (direct memory access)a feature that allows certain hardware subsystems in a computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the CPU can include disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards, and sound cardsDOS (disk operating system)a family of closely related operating systems (COS) that ran on IBM PC type hardware. DNA (digital network architecture)a set of specifications or protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DECnet) that evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architecturesDNS (domain personenname system)service that connects a domain name to an IP addressDRAM (dynamic random access memory)primary choice for holding large amounts of information due to its inexpensive cost must be refreshed or rewritten frequently (about every 386 milliseconds)DS0 (digital signal, level 0)basic digital signaling rate of 64 kbit/s, corresponding to the capacity of one voice-frequency-equivalent channel DS1 (digital signal, level 1)also known as T1 widely used to transmit voice and data between devicesDSL (digital subscriber line)technology that delivers digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone networkDVD (digital versatile disc)can hold over seven times as much information as CDsDWDM (dense wavelength-division multiplexing)an optical technology used to increase bandwidth over existing fiber optic backbones (see building backbone, campus backbone) Computer Terms- Letters E through H EBCDIC (extended binary coded decimal interchange code)8-bit character encoding table used by ISM mainframesEGP (exterior gateway pr otocol)a protocol commonly used between hosts on the internet to exchange routing table informationEMI (electromagnetic interference)radiation that causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced in other circuits also called radio frequency interference or RFIEnterprise networkconnects many types of networksEthernetmost commonly used protocol designed to change the packets into electrical signals that can be sent out over the wire Exterior protocolsrouting protocol used between autonomous systemsFAT (file allocation table)a table that the operating system uses to locate files on a disk because a file may be divided into many sections that are scattered around the disk, the FAT keeps track of all the piecesFDDI (fiber distributed data interface)a set of ANSI protocols for sending digital data over fiber optic cable (see ANSI)FDM (frequency-division multiplexing)permits a range of input signals to be carried over a communication line that uses separate carrier frequenci es for each signal channel mostly used for analog information but can carry digital File management systema way to store and retrieve information from disk drives controls how files can be created, accessed, retrieved, and deletedFirewalla barrier between a network and the internet through which only authorized users can pass set of security policies to screen incoming and outgoing messages also used to isolate one part of a network from anotherFloppy driveearly versions were actually floppy today, they use hard 3.5-inch disk also referred to as removable driveFramea data structure that collectively represents the transmission stream (headers, data, and the trailer) and provides the information necessary for the correct delivery of the data Frame relayservice with standards and specifications designed to transmit data some users have had success at transmitting voiceFRAD (frame relay access device)software that frames the customers payload with the Frame Relay overhead information, including the first DLCI (data link connection identifier) address, to prepare it for delivery to the networkFrequencynumber of times a wave repeats a cycle in a one-second period measured in cycles per second, or hertzFTP (file transfer protocol)an application used to transfer a copy of a file from one computer to another computer with one acting as a client and the other as a server a login with a user name and password is typically required Full-duplex linkenables both sides to simultaneously send and receive data could require two separate cables, one in each direction or a single multiplexed cableGatewaysa node on a network that translates (converts protocol) from one operating system environment to anotherGateway routersused to implement exterior protocols and interconnect autonomous systemsGbps (gigabits per second billions of bits per second)a data transfer speed measurement for high-speed networksGUI (graphical user interface)an easy way of accessing applications with the u se of a pointing device, such as a mouse pronounced gooey Half-duplex linkenables one side to transmit and receive, but not simultaneously information only flows in one direction at a time using a control procedure to mediateHost-to-host layerpart of the TCP/IP model that performs the same function as the transport layer in the OSI modelHost addresspart of an IP address that is uniquely assigned by an administratorHTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)protocol users interact with (by means of a browser) to access Web pages over an internet or intranet Hubsbring the users of the network into contact with one anotherHz (hertz)unit of frequency one hertz simply means one cycle per second, applied to any periodic event (e.g., one tick of a clock is 1 Hz the human heart beats at 1.2 Hz) Computer Terms- Letters I through L ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers)a telephone company providing local service when the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was enacted (see CLEC)ILP (initial loader p rogram)reads an existing file containing database records also called a boot-loaderInput/output management routinesprovide orderly control and flow of information between a computers main memory and attached peripheral devicesInterfacepoint in the system where the rules, control codes, formats, and information direction (as dictated by the protocol) are implemented Interior protocolsrouting protocol used within/interior to an independent/autonomous systemInternet layerpart of the TCP/IP model that performs the same function as the network layer of the OSI modelInternetworkingconnecting one network to another networkInterprocess communicationallows programs to share information dynamically, whether running locally or remotelyI/O (Input/output devices)hardware used to enter and retrieve data from the systemIP (internet protocol)network layer protocol provided with TCP/IP a connectionless, unreliable protocol that provides features for addressing, type or service specification, fragmen tation and reassembly, and security IP address (internet protocol address)logical address assigned to every workstation, server, printer, and router on any interconnected networkIPX/SPX (Internetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange)a networking protocol used by the Novell NetWare operating systems it is a datagram protocol used for connectionless communicationsIRC (Internet relay chat)allows groups to communicate interactively via keyboard and screen displayISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)a circuit-switched telephone network system designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary copper telephone wires ISDN PRIswitched-line service from telephone companies that operates over T1 (or E1/J1) facilitiesIS-IS (intermediate system-to-intermediate system)an interior gateway protocol (IGP) intended for use within an administrative domain or networkISPs (Internet service providers)businesses or organizations that provide consumers with access to the internet and related servicesIT (information technology)a broad term that can refer to anything from mainframes to PDAs any technology that moves information (voice, video, or data) ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector)coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the grenzberschreitend Telecommunication Union (ITU)IXC (interexchange carrier)a telephone company that provides connections between local exchanges in different geographic areasJitterdistortion in a digital signal caused by a shift in timing pulses can cause data interpretation errorsJPEG (Joint Photographics Experts Group)a lossy compression technique for color images pronounced jay-peg (see Lossy) Kbps (thousands of bits per second)a measure of data transfer speedkHz (kilohertz)a unit of measurement of frequency, also known as cycles per second e.g., one kilohertz equals 1,000 Hz or cycles per secondLAN (local area network)a network that operates within a small geographic area, usually within a building, office, or departmentLAPB (link access protocol, balanced)a data link protocol in the X.25 stackLATAs (local access and transport areas)In the US, refers to a geographic region assigned to one or mora telephone companies for providing communication services Layer 2 switchesinterpret and make switching decisions on the LAN hardware adapter address contained in the data link header of MAC frames forward frames only to the destination hardware address contained in the frameLCI (logical channel identifier)used to define frequencies in use on M/A-COM EDACS (Enhanced Digital Access Communications System) systems and LTR (logic trunked radio) systems more commonly known as logical channel number (see LCN) also known as virtual channelLCN (logical channel number)used to define frequencies in use on M/A-COM EDACS (Enhanced Digital Access Communications System) systems and LTR (logic trunked radio) systems also known as the logical channel identifier (see LCI) also known as virtua l channel LE (local exchange)a regulatory term in telecommunications for a local telephone companyLeased linesanother name for private lines, dedicated lines, or permanent circuitsLEC (local exchange carrier)a public telephone company in the US that provides local serviceLGN (logical channel group number)together with the LCN (in the X.25 packet header), identifies the actual logical channel number of the DTE-DCE link a 4-bit field representing a number between 0 and 15Line layera layer of the OSI physical layer that is responsible for synchronizing and multiplexing multiple streams of data into one SONET stream within SONET frames also monitors and administers SONET multiplexers LLC (logical link control)a standard interface allowing any combination of MAC techniques and physical media to be used simultaneously in the same workstations shields higher layer protocols from the peculiarities of the physical mediumLogical segmentation devicesallow network designers to maintain separate networks (often for security reasons) that can still communicate with one anotherLossydata compression method where compressing and then decompressing retrieves data that may well be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way LU (logical unit)identifies an end-user in IBMs Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Computer Terms- Letters M through O MAC (media access control) addressunique six-byte address associated with and coded into each network interface card (NIC) address assignment is controlled by the IEEEMAN (metropolitan area network)connects sites in and around a large cityMB (megabyte)unit of information or computer storage equal to either exactly one million bytes or, in some cases, 1,048,567 bytes, or more rarely, 1,024,000 bytes not to be confused with Mb, which stands for megabitsMbps (megabits per second)a unit of information storage not to be confused with MB or megabytes Mediumtransmission, or system that carries the message or dataMAU (medium attachment unit)converts signals on an Ethernet cable to and from AUI signalsMemorydesk space of the computer system microchips located on the motherboard that hold data and instructions for the CPU (central processing unit)Memory managementallocates memory to separate tasks and protects data from corruptionMenuused in some DOS shells and early versions of Windows an improvement on the command line but cumbersome when a task requires the submenu of a submenu of a submenu of a menu item Messageinformation content to be sharedMHz (megahertz)one hertz is one cycle per second a megahertz is equal to one million cycles per secondMIB (management information base)a type of database used to manage the devices in a communications networkMPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group)digital video format identified by .mpg extension after the file name a working group of ISO/IEC charged with the development of video and audio encoding standards pronounced m-pegMPLS (multiprotocol label switching )an kampagne that integrates Layer 2 information about network links (bandwidth, latency, utilization) into Layer 3 (IP) within a particular autonomous system to simplify and improve IP packet exchange Mpps (millions of packets per second)a measurement of information sent per secondMultiplexinga process of putting multiple signals on a wire simultaneouslyMultiport repeatersallow multiple devices to be wired to a central location, share the same media, and regenerate (repeat) the signal also referred to as active hubsMultitasking routinespermit two or more distinct tasks to be performed concurrently by the computerName resolutiona process by which the peer-to-peer name used on each conversational level is related to other levels NAP (network access point)transitional data communications facilities at which Network Service Providers (NSPs) would exchange traffic, in replacement of the publicly-financed NSFNet Internet backbone now replaced by modern IXPsNAT (network address translator )involves re-writing the source and/or destination addresses of IP packets as they pass through a router or firewall also called network masquerading, native address translation, or IP-masqueradingNetBIOS (network basic input/output system)allows applications on separate computers to communicate over a local area network (LAN) Network access layerallows a computer to exchange data with another computer over a common network medium part of the TCP/IP model that performs the same functions as the data link and physical layers of the OSI model.Network addresspart of an IP address that is uniquely assigned by one of the ICANN-sanctioned agenciesNetwork designhow the various clients and servers are arranged for purposes of connectivity, performance, and securityNOS (network operating system)optimizes the client/server architecture provides and supports network services such as file services, email, internet and intranet services, and applications NIC (network interface card)hardware adap ter that provides communication capabilities responsible for building, transmitting, receiving, and decoding frames in a LAN environment serves as the interface between the networked devices and the connecting wiresNNTP (network news transfer protocol)makes USENET possible protocol for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval, and posting of news articles using a reliable stream-based transmission of news among the ARPA-internet communityNonvolatile memorychips that hold information even when the system is turned off NRZ-L (non-return to zero level)a form of digital encoding negative voltage is used to represent a binary 1, and a positive voltage is used to represent a binary 0NSP (network service provider)a business or organization that sells bandwidth or network access by providing direct backbone access to the Internet, and usually access to its network access points (see NAP)OC1 (optical carrier, level 1)a fiber optic connection capable of transferring data at 51.85 MbpsOperating en vironmenthow the OS controls the hardware and application programs OS (operating system)interface between the application (word processor, spreadsheet, etc.) and the computer hardwareOSI (open systems interconnection) modeldeveloped to provide a view of the distinct functionalities that are required to implement each protocol layer defines a complete range of functions that can be achieved with data communications equipmentOSPF (open shortest path first)a link-state hierarchical interior gateway protocol (see IGP) for network routing protocol